A long-term toxicology study on pigs fed a combined genetically modified (GM) soy and GM maize diet Judy A. Ver Steeg4, Verlyn E. Thousands of free British and international recipes plus in depth articles on cooking, food preparation, menus, special diets, family meals, conversion charts. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 14 (No 5) 2008, 491-499 Agricultural Academy RESPONSE OF GROWING PIGS TO CASSAVA PEEL BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH AVIZYME. Effect of Transport on Meat Quality and Animal Welfare of Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Horses, Deer, and Poultry Compiled By: Gary C. Smith (Colorado State University. Guinea Lynx : : Bladder Stones. Content. BLADDER STONESHome > Medical Reference > Bladder Stones. Bladder Stones And Sludge. Cordain discusses the ramifications of following a vegetarian or vegan diet and subsequent devastating effects. Follow a Paleo Diet for optimal health.Bladder stones (also called uroliths or urinary calculi) are hard, stone- like structures usually composed of calcium carbonate which form in the bladder. Bladder sludge is a term used to describe gritty calcium- based particles that collect in the bladder. Kidney stones can also form in the kidneys and ureters but this is less frequent and may not be treatable. Stones can become lodged in the urethra slowing or completely blocking urination. This is especially dangerous for boars, as their urethra is narrower than that of a sow. IF A GUINEA PIG IS UNABLE TO URINATE, THIS IS AN EMERGENCY. Any guinea pig with stones should be treated promptly. Stone photo contributed by Trisha. Stones can sometimes cause so much pain that they interfere with mobility. The only change a few pet owners noticed was heavy breathing, most likely indicating pain. What Your Vet Will Do Your vet will examine your guinea pig and palpate the lower abdomen. Stones cannot always be felt by palpation. An x- ray (two views) must be taken to determine if bladder stones are present. An ultrasound can also be used to check for the presence of stones. Your vet may test for a UTI by collecting urine or drawing it directly from the bladder using a needle (cystocentesis). Urine is checked for bacteria and blood. If there is no visible blood, the urine may be tested for the presence of blood. Photo contributed by Sef (Sandra). Treatment. Most guinea pigs cannot pass bladder stones on their own and require surgery to remove them. Bladder stones in the urethra can sometimes be plucked from the urethra if close to the opening. Bladder stones that have entered the urethra are sometimes flushed back into the bladder for surgical removal. Two or more weeks of an antibiotic like Bactrim (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) can help prevent infection while the bladder is healing and will treat most urinary tract infections. Multiple Stones. Because new stones may reform within months or even weeks of surgery, it is important to monitor your pet's health after stone removal. B12 deficiency: a silent epidemic with serious consequences; Why You Should Think Twice About Vegetarian and Vegan Diets Treat and Prevent UTIs Without Drugs. Livestock production may have a bigger impact on the planet than anything else. Some pet owners report the recurrence of stones 2- 3 weeks post surgery. An x- ray of Alice. Mcmallis' guinea pig showed it stone- free, but the following week an x- ray showed 3 stones. Nutz. 4pigs's Louie formed a second large stone only 3 weeks or so after his previous stone surgery. Other pet owners tell similar stories. Susan Brown, DVM recommends routine veterinary rechecks to monitor rabbit health following stone removal: . A physical examination should be performed post- surgically to evaluate healing of the bladder and abdomen. Radiographs should be performed within six months initial treatment to look for the return of stones or sludge in the urinary tract. Please follow your veterinarian's recommendations on recheck visits. Because stones seem to run in families, it is likely there is a strong genetic component. Frequent urinary tract infections have also been implicated, as well as improper diet, inadequate water intake, and obesity. Recent studies have shown that the composition of the majority (9. A certain percentage also contain traces of calcium phosphate, oxalate or struvite (1). Pure calcium phosphate or struvite stones are extremely rare. If calcium oxalate is detected, it may be attributed to a high oxalate diet.(2) It is not uncommon for a calcium carbonate stone to be misidentified. Stone analysis may aid in developing prevention strategies. An overall ratio of between 1. Magnesium, vitamin D and C along with other vitamins and minerals are also necessary for good health.(1) Composition and Characteristics of Urinary Calculi from Guinea Pigs by Hawkins, et el, JAVMA Vol 2. No, 2, January 1. Urinary Stones in Small Animal Medicine by Neiger Hesse, Manson Publishing, 2. DIETA good quality diet is thought to help prevent the formation and reformation of bladder stones. Poor diets consisting primarily of alfalfa pellets but low in hay and vegetables may contribute to stone formation. Jolankai, et al.; Urolithiasis in Guinea Pigs- -Nutritional Aspects; 2. Offer the best hay you can find to encourage eating as much as possible. Vegetables. Guinea pigs are herbivores. Their digestive system is designed to extract nutrients from a variety of grasses and greens. Wet, leafy greens are a good choice. Fruits, generally high in sucrose and other sugars, can be added as treats. Forages are a good supplement to your guinea pig's diet. See the information on the Calcium: Phosophorus ratio below. Pellets. Use a lower calcium timothy pellet and consider limiting or using no pellets at all. Some timothy guinea pig pellets have added calcium. Some owners report better management of bladder sludge by feeding KMS Hayloft pellets, which are lower in calcium and sodium than most commercial brands. If you severely limit or remove pellets, extra care must be paid diet by offering a wide variety of appropriate vegetables (with a few fruits) for their added vitamin and mineral content. Vitamin D is required for proper absorption of calcium. For a guinea pig lacking regular exposure to sunlight, removing pellets may result in a diet devoid of vitamin D. Vitamin D is not present in hays and greens but is added to most guinea pig pellets. If you will be going pellet- free, consider a vitamin D supplement. Your vet can recommend a specific dose. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Revised Edition, 1. D requirement for guinea pigs has not been established . The requirement for growth is set at 1,0. IU vitamin D/kg diet (6. Dietary oxalate binds with calcium. Often foods higher in oxalic acid are also higher in calcium, providing the calcium needed to bind with the oxalate. Note: Oxalic Acid Content in Foods is an excellent list, providing sources and pointing out the discrepancies among them. For example, the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. Vegetables and Vegetable Products, 1. Litholink's rates carrots at 0% oxalates. The Calcium: :Phosphorus Ratio. Most studies of animal nutrition recognize the importance of a proper calcium phosphorus ratio to good health. While it is likely an overall lowering of calcium in the diet will help prevent the formation of stones, calcium is still essential to bone growth and many metabolic functions. Check the Nutrition Chart for information on calcium and phosphorus content and Ca: P ratios. Combine a variety of vegetables (and a few fruits) low in calcium, aiming at an overall ratio of between 1. If you wish to evaluate the diet you are providing, the Excel Calculator makes it easy. Enter the weight of foods in grams and automatically generate a calcium: phosphorus ratio for a day's worth of foods, along with Vitamin C amounts. Read Dawn Hromanik's comments on stone formation and Ca: P ratios originally posted in the Reference Forum. The rule of thumb that I use is that all vegetative parts of plants have a higher Ca: P ratio. This is ideal, you do *not* want the inverse where the phosphorus is higher than calcium. Reproductive parts of plants (seeds and roots) have a higher Ph content. This includes all fruit (apples, bananas, grapes, raisins), seeds (treat mixes, sunflowers, oatmeal etc), and carrots. Just another reason not to feed the above food. Exercise. Increased exercise may encourage more fluid intake and help keep sediment from forming in the bladder. In addition, exercise helps keep weight under control and can improve overall guinea pig health and happiness! Husbandry. Keep bedding clean and dry. A guinea pig that sits in the same spot for long periods of time (which may be wet and harbor bacteria) may be more prone to develop urinary tract infections. Trim butt hairs to help limit the growth of bacteria that can be aggravated by continued wetness. Remove houses during the day to encourage more changes of location. Or change the location of sleeping areas and switch out sleeping pads frequently. Plastic grid- like tiles (see alternate bedding) allow drainage of urine to an absorbent material below. Supplements. Actigall. However there may be risks to hindgut fermenters like rabbits and guinea pigs and it is not clear that Actigall. Tracis has compiled a thread on the use of Actigall. Since guinea pigs naturally have alkaline urine (8. H> ) and usually do not develop oxalate stones, Polycitra may not be beneficial. However, urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, and genetic predispositions can lower citrate in the urine. Although urine p. H is seldom tested by vets, urine analysis may be useful in determining whether or not Polycitra is having the desired results. An article at Marvistavet explains how oral treatment works for cats and dogs by increasing citrate levels in the urine and allowing the calcium to bind to the citrate instead of to oxalate. Since calcium citrate tends to stay dissolved, it is more likely to be passed in the urine. Calcium oxalate, on the other hand, tends to precipitate out as mineral deposits. As noted above, most guinea pig uroliths are calcium carbonate. Calcium oxalate may also be passed through the urine. Shilintong. A Chinese herb called . Shilintong's Chinese name is Guang jin qian cao; the scientific name is Desmodium Styracifolium according to a half dozen online sources. Its pharmaceutical name is Desmodii Styracifolii (only one source) and the common name is Snowbell- leaf Tickclover Herb (several sources). GP Lover, a forum member, dissolved 1 pill in about 2. Angel twice/day. Since the pills are coated and very hard, soak first for several minutes in water and then crush. Shilintong can be purchased from www. A Chinese study of the anti- inflammatory effects of two species of Lysimachia christinae Hance and Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr. Despite following every guideline and providing the best of care, these dreaded stones can still return. After all the hours the author has spent on this page reviewing information, she is left with more questions than answers. Omnivore - Wikipedia. Omnivore is a consumption classification for animals that have the capability to obtain chemical energy and nutrients from materials originating from plant and animal origin. Often, omnivores also have the ability to incorporate food sources such as algae, fungi, and bacteria into their diet as well. For instance, dogs evolved from primarily carnivorous organisms (Carnivora) while pigs evolved from primarily herbivorous organisms (Artiodactyla). Due to the wide range of entirely unrelated organisms independently evolving the capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal materials, no generalizations about the anatomical features of all omnivores can realistically be made. Frugivores include maned wolves and orangutans. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times or makes possible living in less consistent environments. The Carnivora order does not include all carnivorous species, and not all species within the Carnivora taxon are carnivorous. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification. For instance, it is well documented that animals such as giraffes, camels, and cattle will gnaw on bones, preferably dry bones, for particular minerals and nutrients. For example, in 2. American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) may be physiologically omnivorous once investigations had been conducted on why they occasionally eat fruits. It was suggested that alligators probably ate fruits both accidentally but also deliberately. Likewise, many mosquito species in early life eat plants or assorted detritus, but as they mature, males continue to eat plant matter and nectar whereas the females (such as those of Anopheles, Aedes and Culex) also eat blood to reproduce effectively. Polar bears are classified as carnivores, both taxonomically (they are in the order Carnivora), and behaviorally (they subsist on a largely carnivorous diet). Depending on the species of bear, there is generally a preference for one class of food, as plants and animals are digested differently. Wolf subspecies (including wolves, dogs, dingoes, and coyotes) have a general preference and are evolutionarily geared towards meat, but also will voluntarily eat plant material like fruits, vegetables, and grasses, and can live on such indefinitely. Like most arboreal species, most squirrels are primarily granivores, subsisting on nuts and seeds. For example, the American eastern gray squirrel has been introduced by humans to parts of Britain, continental Europe and South Africa. Where it flourishes, its effect on populations of nesting birds is often serious, largely because of consumption of eggs and nestlings. Examples include cassowaries, chickens, crows. In addition, some lizards, turtles, fish (such as piranhas and catfish), and invertebrates are also omnivorous. Quite often, mainly herbivorous creatures will eagerly eat small quantities of animal food when it becomes available. Although this is trivial most of the time, omnivorous or herbivorous birds, such as sparrows, often will feed their chicks insects while food is most needed for growth. Similarly, monkeys of many species eat maggoty fruit, sometimes in clear preference to sound fruit. Retrieved 5 October 2. Retrieved April 3, 2. Retrieved April 2, 2. National Geographic Education. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 4 October 2. Vegetarian Resource Group. Retrieved October 6, 2. International Journal of Primatology. Chambers Dictionary of science and technology. Campbell Biology (1. Edition). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Journal of Archaeological Science. Retrieved April 1. M.; Liu, H.; Rainwater, T. Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa. Publisher: New Holland. ISBN 9. 78- 0. 62. Skaife, S. Longmans, Green & Co., London.^. Retrieved 1. 7 April 2. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on December 2. Advanced Human Nutrition. Retrieved October 6, 2. The Anthropology of Health and Healing. Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved October 6, 2. Retrieved 3 July 2. Retrieved 2. 6 August 2. Activity patterns in small mammals: an ecological approach. Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany; New York: Springer- Verlag. Annex: Towards a Forestry Commission England Grey Squirrel Policy(PDF), UK: Forestry Commission, 2. Jan 2. 00. 6, retrieved 1. May 2. 01. 2 ^Moller, H. Mammal Review. 13: 8. Seattle Audubon Society. Publisher: Wiley- Blackwell. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Ewing, Jack (2. 00. Monkeys Are Made of Chocolate. Publisher: Pixyjack Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 9. Effect of Transport on Meat Quality and Animal Welfare of Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Horses, Deer, and Poultry. Gary C. Smith (Colorado State University); Temple Grandin (Colorado State University). Ted H. Friend (Texas A& M University); Don Lay, Jr. Swanson (Kansas State University)December, 2. General Principles. Manteca (1. 99. 8) says concern for animal welfare is a major consideration in meat production and is based upon the belief that animals can suffer. Comments from the packer and purveyor survey respondents in the US National Pork Benchmarking Study (Scanga et al., 2. PSE. There may need to be a differentiation between the space requirements for short and long trips. Guise et all (1. 99. For trips under 3 hours there was little evidence of adverse effects when pigs were loaded at 2. Calves less than 4 wk of age were given either a glucose/electrolyte solution, water or nothing in a 1- hr feeding stop during a 1. Knowles et al. 3. British—and that British cattle had a higher incidence of dark- cutting beef than did Zebu cattle. Lapworth (2. 00. 4a) reported that a survey of deaths among railed cattle from western Queensland, Australia showed that fewer animals died in transit when they were rested for more than 1. The rest stops required by these proposed regulations would necessitate that a 2. Temple Grandin—Summary And Conclusions: General. During my 3. 0- year career in the livestock industry, I have observed transport of cattle, calves, sheep and pigs in the US, Europe, Canada, Australia and many other countries. Suppl 1): 2. 13 (Abstract). Don Lay, Jr.—Summary and Conclusions: General. All attempts to implement a procedure that would assist in decreasing the amount of stress that poultry and livestock are exposed to during transportation must take into account the complexity of stressors and their characteristics that are associated with moving animals from one location to another. The net effect could be positive or negative dependant upon many qualitative factors associated with each stressor. Friend—Summary And Conclusions. General. Interrupting land transport after 8 or 1. Janice Swanson—Summary And Conclusions. General. In summary, the scientific literature on transport of livestock supports common themes and identifies the variable nature of the issue. First, transport will invoke stress even under ideal conditions and differences in transport tolerance appear to exist between species. Second, the physical condition of livestock at time of transport plays a significant role in how animals should be managed through the transport phase. For example, young, lactating, pregnant, or energy challenged livestock will have less physiologic reserves to withstand long periods of transport (even under ideal conditions) than livestock in robust condition. Food and water deprivation also impact the travel fitness. Third, handling, loading and unloading add additional challenge if not performed with care. Fourth, the condition of the road system used for livestock transport, driver experience, weather conditions, terrain traveled and the types of vehicles utilized vary geographically. In the United States road systems are often paved and generally kept in good condition facilitating long distance travel in shorter periods of time than the same distance in another geographic location with substandard infrastructure, difficult terrain, and different vehicles. Fifth, these differences are often reflected in the variety of regulations (or lack thereof) that address livestock transport. The interruption of travel at specified 8 to 1. Decision grids could be constructed based on variables such as animal age, fitness, terrain, weather condition, etc. Hughes) Wallingford: CAB International, UK. Final Report to the Canadian Cattlemen’s Association. Trans ASAE 1. 98. Ministry of Agriculture, Wellington, NZ. University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, IL. Behavioural and physiological responses of pigs to being transported for up to 2. Muscle Foods 6: 3. Friend is a Professor in the Department of Animal Science, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX. Suppl 1): 2. 13 (Abstract). Presented at the American Meat Institute Foundation, Animal Handling and Stunning Conference (Kansas City, MO). The effect of stocking density in transit on carcass quality and welfare. Food Safety 1. 5: 2. Potential for the spread of Escherichia coli O1. Salmonella, and Campylobacter in the lairage environment at abattoirs. Annual Conference For Veterinarians (Manhattan, KS) pp. Presented at the American Meat Institute Foundation, Animal Handling And Stunning Conference (Kansas City, MO). National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, Centennial, CO. California Animal Nutrition Conference (Fresno, CA) pp. If they are not hurried and can explore as they. However, the presence of rods and cones with. Hearing is also well developed and. Alarm or aversive stimuli are transmitted to conspecifics. Males are not permanently. Dominance hierarchy. Teat order. It has been shown that stimulation of the anterior. The teat order may function as a type ofterritorial spacing system which, in turn, means a stable. They called this the . The fighting behaviour is. The dominance hierarchy is important. A pig at the bottom of the hierarchy is treated. Pigs probably recognise. In the feral state, pigs seek. Young pigs are sensitive. Nest- building activity in the natural state. This appears to depress the immune system. The male sniffs the female, noses. He foams at the mouth. When the sowbecomes stationary the boar mounts. Some sows are more attractive. Boars that are raised individually with no. Boars that engage in more courting activity. She hollows out a depression and. Nursing is frequent, every 5. Sensory inputs (vocalisation, odours from. Each series of grunts varies in frequency. The phase of competition. The grunt peak in the third phase of. Phase four coincides with. The sow grunts rapidly, lower in. Finally, the flow stops and so does the grunting. This helps her to regulate the amount. Fostering piglets from one litter to another is. Compared with control litters, crossfostering. Weight gain of fostered piglets during the. If fostering has to be done, it has. Cross- fostering of piglets should. PINT is defined as occurring when a pig repeatedly. It is a behaviour pattern of high- ranking pigs. Snout- rubbing as a vice in weaned. Appleby, M. C., Lawrence, A. B. 2. 4, 1. 37- 1. Arey, D. S. 4. 8, 1. Beilharz , R. G. 1. Blackshaw, J. K. Some behavioural deviations in. Blackshaw , J. K. Bressers, J. P. M., Te Brake, J. H. A. 3. 1, 1. 83- 1. Burne, T. H. J., Murfitt, P. J. E., and Johnston, A. N. B. 7. 3 (4), 2. Castren, H., Algers, B., Jensen, P. Donald, H. P. The milk consumption and growth. Experimental Agriculture. Suckling and suckling preference. Experimental Agriculture 5: 3. Dyck, G. W., Sweirstra, E. E., Mc. Kay, R. M., and Mount. Francis, D. A., Christison, G. I. The nursing and suckling behaviour in. The importance of stimulation of the anterior. Fraser, D. The effect of straw on the behaviour. A review of the behavioural mechanisms. Mineral- Deficient diets and the pigs. Gardner, J. M., Duncan, I. J. H. 1. 99. 7 Annual Research Report. CABI, Oxon. Gonyou, H. W. CABI, Oxon. Hartsock, T. G. Influence of social conditions during rearing on. The importance of the courting behaviour of the. Hemsworth, P. H., Hansen, C., Winfield, C. G. A study of the development of the teat order in. Disruption of teat preferences and. Ingram, D. L., Walters, D. E. 1. 8, 3. 55- 3. Jensen, P., Gustafsson, G. Teat- order in groups of piglets. Maintenance of teatorder. Mayer, J. J. 1. 1: 5. Mc. Bride, G., James, J. W. 1. 29: 2. 51- 2. Mendl, M., Zanella, A. J. 5. 0, 1. 36. 1- 1. Meunier- Sala. Adaptation to The Thermal. Edward Arnold. Olsson, A. American society of Agricultural Engineers. CABI, Oxon. Otten, W., Puppe, B., Stabenow, B., Kanitz, E., Schon. Pearce, G. P., Hughes, P. E. 1. 6, 1. 25- 1. Rohde Parfet, K. A. Sainsbury, D. Great Britain: Bailli. The Behaviour of Swine. Baillibre Tindall, London. Soede, N. N. 3. 0, 3. Stangel, G. 8. 5: 6. Turner, S. P., Ewen, M., Rooke, J.
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